Top 10 Most Astonishing Constructions in The World

Here are some contemporary  the most grand  and masterpiece construction of the which depict the skill and mastery of their designers as well as the peak stage of human mind. Their grandeur not only wonders the viewers but also make them praise them.

Top 10 Most Astonishing Constructions around The Globe

1. Regatta Hotel – Indonesia

The Impressive Regatta Hotel Jakarta was designed by Atelier Enam, based on the nautical theme, where the centrepiece is an aerodynamically shaped hotel bound to be one of the most striking landscape features overlooking the Java Sea.
The Regatta Hotel Jakarta is a five-star hotel that offers an Aqua Park in a complex spawning over 11 hectares of reclaimed land.

2. Burj Khalifa – UAE

Burj Khalifa is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is the tallest manmade structure in the world, at 2,722 ft. Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development that would include 30,000 homes, nine hotels, 3 hectares of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare man-made Burj Khalifa Lake.

3. Mecca Royal Clock Tower – Saudi Arabia

Mecca Royal Hotel Clock Tower, is a building complex in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. These towers are a part of the King Abdulaziz Endowment Project that strives to modernize the holy city in catering to the pilgrims. The complex holds several world records, such as the tallest hotel in the world, the tallest clock tower in the world, the world’s largest clock face and the building with the world’s largest floor area. The complex’s hotel tower became the second tallest building in the world in 2012, surpassed only by Dubai’s Burj Khalifa. The building complex is meters away from the world’s largest mosque and Islam’s most sacred site, the Masjid al Haram. The complex will be able to house 100,000 people and span over 2,171 feet.

4. One World Trade Tower – USA

1 WTC is the lead building of the new World Trade Center complex Located in Lower Manhattan, New York City at the same location as the September 11, 2001 attacks destroyed former World Trade Center. The Construction was started on April 27, 2006 and will be completed in 2013. The 104-story skyscraper will be the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere and the third-tallest building in the world. The bulding occupying 16-acre and will stand 1,776 feet high.

5. World One – Mumbai, India

World One is a residential skyscraper under construction in Mumbai India is set to be complete in 2014. Once complete it will be the tallest residential skyscraper in the world. The project will cost $399 million to build and will span over 1,450-feet having 117 floors, 18 elevators, 300 apartments. One of India’s top builders, the Lodha group, is undertaking the construction of this project.

6. Shanghai Tower of Shanghai – China

Shanghai Tower is a supertall skyscraper under construction in the Pudong district of Shanghai, China. The tower will be 121 stories, and span over 2073ft. Upon its completion in 2014 the Shanghai Tower will be the tallest building in China, and the 3rd-tallest in the world, surpassed by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai and Mecca Royal Clock Tower in Saudi Arbia. The project will cost $2.2 Billion and is being Designed by Gensler inc.

7. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge – Hong Kong

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge is an ongoing construction project which consist of a series of bridges and tunnels that will connect Hong Kong, Macau and Zhuhai, three major cities on the Pearl River Delta in East Asia. The proposed 50 km link is expected to cost US$10.7 billion. With its length, it would become one of the landmarks within the area. The longest bridge section will be 22.8 km long and will include three cable-stayed spans between 280 m (920 ft) and 460 m (1,510 ft). The project is expected to completed in 2016.

8. Russia Tower – Moscow Russia

The Russia Tower Located in Moscow, is a skyscraper planned for Moscow International Business Centre of Moscow, Russia. Construction began in September 2007 and is expected to be completed around 2016. The tower will stand 1,180 ft and would contain 118 floors, 101 elevators, and underground parking that can accommodate 3,680 cars. The buildings capacity is 30,000, the base of the building will be retail shops. The maximum people capacity of the building was projected to be around 30,000.

9. Songjiang Hotel – China

The Songiang Sustainable Hotel Located in the city of Shanghai in the Songjiang district, China. The 400-bed resort will be located in a 100-meter-deep quarry located in the province and will contain restaurants, cafes, sport facilities, and even underwater public areas and guestrooms facing a ten-metre deep aquarium full of aquatic life.

10. CCTV Headquarters – China

The CCTV Headquarters is a skyscraper in the Beijing Central Business District. The building is the headquarters of China Central Television. Groundbreaking took place on September 22, 2004 and the building’s facade was completed in Jun 2008. Rem Koolhaas and Ole Scheeren of OMA were the architects in charge for the building, while Arup provided the complex engineering design. It stands at 234 meters (768 ft) tall and has 54 floors.

 
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10 Best Attack Helicopters in The World

Helicopter is the most effective source used for logistics,Wars and rescue purposes these days. From their first appearance in World War II, through the Vietnam War and to the modern day, helicopters have helped to transform the battlefield.

These are the 10 Best Attack Helicopters in the World today. Each are rated on their avionics, agility, speed & firepower capabilities. You may also like the list of advance fighter jet.

Top 10 Best Attack Helicopters in the world.

10. Z-10 

The Z-10 attack helicopter is expected to enter service with Chinese army in 2008-2009. The Z-10 helicopter has a standard gunship configuration with a narrow fuselage and stepped tandem cockpits. Gunner is seated at the front and the pilot is at the rear. Weapons of the Z-10 may consist of 30-mm cannon, HJ-9 anti-tank guided missiles (comparable to the TOW-2A), newly developed HJ-10 anti-tank missiles (comparable to the AGM-114 Hellfire) and TY-90 air-to-air missiles. It can also carry unoperated rocket pods.

9. MI-24 Hind

The Mil Mi-24 is a large helicopter gunship and attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers. The Mi-24, the first helicopter to enter service with the Russian Air Force as an assault transport and gunship. The Mi-24 is a close counterpart to the American AH-64 Apache, but unlike this and other Western assault helicopters it is also capable of transporting up to eight troops.

8. AH-2 Rooivalk

The Denel Rooivalk is an attack helicopter manufactured by Denel of South Africa. Rooivalk is Afrikaans for “Red Kestrel”. The South African air forces operate only 12 Denel AH-2 Rooivalk attack helicopters. Although it looks like an entirely new machine, the Rooivalk is based on a degree of reverse engineering of the Aerospatiale Puma, using the same engines and main rotor.

7. AH-1W Super Cobra

The Bell AH-1 SuperCobra is a twin-engine attack helicopter based on the US Army’s AH-1 Cobra. The twin Cobra family includes the AH-1J SeaCobra, the AH-1T Improved SeaCobra, and the AH-1W SuperCobra.

6. A-129/T-129 (Italy/Turkey)

The Agusta A129 Mangusta is an attack helicopter originally designed and produced by Agusta in Italy. It was the first attack helicopter to be designed and produced wholly in Western Europe.

The TAI/AgustaWestland T-129 ATAK is a derivative version of the A129, and its development is the responsibility of Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI), with AgustaWestland as the primary partner.

5. AH-1Z Viper

Capable. Flexible. Multi-mission. The ultimate in attack helicopters. The Bell AH-1Z Viper is a twin-engine attack helicopter based on the AH-1W SuperCobra, that was developed for the United States Marine Corps. The AH-1Z features a four-blade, bearingless, composite main rotor system, uprated transmission, and a new target sighting system. The AH-1Z is part of the H-1 upgrade program. It is also called “Zulu Cobra” in reference to its variant letter.

4. Eurocopter Tiger

The Eurocopter Tiger is an attack helicopter manufactured by Eurocopter. In Germany it is known as the Tiger; in France and Spain it is called the Tigre. The Tiger is powered by two MTU Turbomeca Rolls-Royce MTR390 turboshaft engines.

3. MI-28H Havoc (Russia)

The Mil Mi-28 (NATO reporting name ‘Havoc’) is a Russian all-weather, day-night, military tandem, two-seat anti-armor attack helicopter. It is a dedicated attack helicopter with no intended secondary transport capability, better optimized than the Mil Mi-24 for the role. It carries a single gun in an undernose barbette, plus external loads carried on pylons beneath stub wings.

2. Kamov KA-50/KA-52

The Kamov Ka-50 “Black Shark” is a single-seat Russian attack helicopter with the distinctive coaxial rotor system of the Kamov design bureau. It was designed in the 1980s and adopted for service in the Russian army in 1995.

The Ka-50 was designed to be small, fast and agile to improve survivability and lethality. For minimal weight and size (thus maximum speed and agility) it was uniquely among gunships to be operated by a single pilot only. The Russian designed Ka-50 Hokum also can carry 24 ?Vikhr? missiles, four 20-round rocket pods, or a mixture. The Hokum also can carry the AA-11/R-73 Archer air-to-air missiles, which makes the Hokum a very capable threat against opposing attack helicopters. The 30mm 2A42 is also mounted on the Hokum, albeit more like a fighter?s cannon. The Hokum?s top speed is 350 kilometers per hour, and it has a combat radius of 250 kilometers.

1. AH-64D Apache Long Bow

The Boeing AH-64 Apache Attack Helicopter was known to be the preeminent and most powerful anti-armor weapon system in the Gulf War. Designed to perform its combat missions day or night and in adverse weather, the Apache was designed specifically to meet the rigid requirements of the US Army’s Advanced Attack Helicopter Plan. The Apache is equipped with state of the art electronic technology and fire control systems. The firepower is awesome. The Apache can be loaded with 16 AGM-114 Hellfire Missiles, 76 70mm folding-fin aerial rockets or a combination of both – in addition to 1,200 30mm rounds for its M230 automatic cannon.

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Top 10 Wonders of The World

There is the list of top 10 wonders of the world which are the masterpiece of the skill and handwork of the people of that era. Today we become astonished to see these wonders that in so remote ages without any modern technology and machine how so great construction were made. You can also visit the 10 Wonders of Ancient World.

The Top 10 Wonders of The World.

1. The Great Wall of China.

The Great Wall of China was constructed 7th century BC. It is a series of fortification built to protect the empire of China.

2. Petra.

It is an archeological city of Jorden that is famous for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system.

3. Cristo Rendetor Statue.

It is largest Art Deco statue in the world and the 5th largest statue of Jesus in the world.

4. Taj Mehal of Agra.

It was constructed by famous Mughal ruler Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.

5. Hagia Sophia.

A famous mosque in Turkey and masterpiece of construction was a cathedral and converted into a mosque by Mehmat II. It is now a museum in Turkey.

6. The Hanging Garden of Babylon.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one of the Wonders that may have been purely legendary.

7. Lighthouse of Alexandria.

It was a tower built between 280 and 247 BC on the island of Pharos at Alexandria, Egypt. Its purpose was to guide sailors into the port of Alexandria. With a height variously estimated at somewhere between 393 and 450 ft .

8. Temple of Artemis.

It is situated near the present Turkey, also known less precisely as the Temple of Diana. It was completely rebuilt three times before its eventual destruction in 401.

9. Victoria Falls.

It is a waterfall located in southern Africa on the Zambezi River between the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe.

10. “Valley of Love” – Lost Wonders of the World.

Lost Wonders of the World, The “Valley of Love” was built by a mystery race that inhabited what is now a remote part of Ireland.

This ancient valley is one of the lost wonders of the earth. Valley of love is a mile wide and high. Many controversies revolves around it. It is believed that the valley remained hidden from the eyes of world for many centuries and was built by a mysterious race that now lives in a remote area of Ireland. This valley is more than 3000 years older than the pyramids of Egypt. The only intact structure in this valley referred as ‘Memorial of joy’ is awe-inspiring.  This fantastic stone structure has an equally flabbergasted interior which is fully functional to this day.

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10 Most Happy Countries Around the World

Top Ten of The World’s Most Happy Countries:

10. Sweden

SWEDEN – The 10th of The Most Happy Countries

Sweden is one of the most happy countries in world, situated in the north of Europe.Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Oresund.

Life satisfaction score: 7.3 (5th)
Employment rate: 73% (5th highest)
Self-reported good health: 79% (9th highest)
Employees working long hours: 1.28% (3rd lowest)
Disposable income: $26,633 (11th highest)
Educational attainment: 86% (9th highest)
Life expectancy: 81.5 years (7th highest)

9. Luxembourg

luxembourg – The 9th of The Most Happy Countries

Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland (“good country”) in the south.

Living in the worlds richest country inevitably puts a smile on your face! This small landlocked European country has an army of 800 people (yes, 800). They don’t have a navy nor an air force but together with Belgium they can afford to own 1 military cargo plane. Beat that US!

According to the Guinness Book of World Records Luxembourg holds the world record as the country that consumes most alcohol in the world per citizen.

8. Canada

CANADA – The 8th of The Most Happy Countries

Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Canada is the world’s second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the world’s longest land border.

Life satisfaction score: 7.4 (tied for 4th)
Employment rate: 72% (7th highest)
Self-reported good health: 88% (3rd highest)
Employees working long hours: 3.91% (11th highest)
Disposable income: $27,138 (8th highest)
Educational attainment: 88% (5th highest)
Life expectancy: 80.8 years (13th highest)

7. Australia

Australia – The 7th of The Most Happy Countries

Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world’s sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.

Life satisfaction score: 7.4 (tied for 4th)
Employment rate: 72% (9th highest)
Self-reported good health: 85% (5th highest)
Employees working long hours:13.99% (4th highest)
Disposable income: $26,927 (9th highest)
Educational attainment: 71% (12th lowest)
Life expectancy: 81.8 years (5th highest)

6. Finland

Finland – The 6th of The Most Happy Countries

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.

Life satisfaction score: 7.4 (tied for 4th)
Employment rate: 68% (14th highest)
Self-reported good health: 68% (15th lowest)
Employees working long hours: 3.66% (8th highest)
Disposable income: $24,958 (14th highest)
Educational attainment: 82% (14th highest)
Life expectancy: 80.2 years (16th lowest)

5. Austria

Austria- The 5th of The Most Happy Countries

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west.

Life satisfaction score: 7.5 (tied for 3rd)

Employment rate: 72% (8th highest)

Self-reported good health: 69% (17th lowest)

Employees working long hours: 9.02% (10th highest)

Disposable income: $27,541 (7th highest)

Educational attainment: 82% (13th highest)

Life expectancy: 80.7 (22nd lowest)

4. Switzerland

Switezrland – The 4th of The Most Happy Countries

Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.

Life satisfaction score: 7.5 (tied for 3rd)

Employment rate: 79% (1st highest)

Self-reported good health: 87% (4th highest)

Employees working long hours: 5.87% (17th highest)

Disposable income: $27,756 (5th most)

Educational attainment: 87% (8th highest)

Life expectancy: 82.6 (2nd highest)

3. Netherlands

Netherland – The 3rd of The Most Happy Countries

The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces.

Life satisfaction score: 7.5 (tied for 3rd)

Employment rate: 75% (3rd highest)

Self-reported good health: 77% (11th highest)

Employees working long hours: 0.68% (2nd highest)

Disposable income: $25,740 (13th highest)

Educational attainment: 73% (15th lowest)

Life expectancy: 80.8 (14th highest)

2. Norway

Norway – The 2nd of The Most Happy Countries

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe.

Life satisfaction score: 7.6 (2nd)

Employment rate: 75% (4th highest)

Self-reported good health: 80% (8th highest)

Employees working long hours: 2.66% (5th highest)

Disposable income: $30,465 (5th highest)

Educational attainment: 81% (15th highest)

Life expectancy:81.2 (10th highest)

1. Denmark

Denmark – The topof The Most Happy Countries

Denmark , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , is a sovereign state in Northern Europe, with two additional overseas constituent countries also forming integral parts of the kingdom; the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. Denmark proper is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.

Life satisfaction score: 7.8 (1st)
Employment rate: 73% (6th highest)
Self-reported good health: 71% (17th highest)
Employees working long hours: 1.92% (4th highest)
Disposable income: $23,213 (15th lowest)
Educational attainment: 76% (18th lowest)
Life expectancy: 79.3 (11th lowest)

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Top 10 Oldest Universities Around the World

The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning “community of teachers and scholars”. The term was coined by the Italian University of Bologna, which, with a traditional founding date of 1088, is considered the first university. The following list of ten oldest universities in the world shows, through their brief histories and trend.

Here is a list of the Top 10 oldest universities in the world which are in continuous operation.

10. University of Valladolid (Valladolid, Spain, Founded in 1241)

University of Valladolid, Salamanca, Spain and Canary Islands

The University of Valladolid is a public university in the city of Valladolid, province of Valladolid, in the autonomous region of Castile-Leon, Spain. The university currently has 31,780 undergraduate students and more than 2,000 teachers.

At 10th position among the oldest universities in the world, The University of Valladolid (UVa) is a Spanish public university founded in 1241 as removal of studies at the University of Palencia, founded by Alfonso VIII of Castile, between 1208 and 1212. He is currently responsible for teaching higher education in seven campuses distributed through four cities of Castile and Leon: Valladolid, Palencia, Soria and Segovia.

One hypothesis is that its foundation is the result of the transfer of Palencia General Survey between 1208 and 1241 by Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, and Bishop Tello Téllez de Meneses.

9. University of Siena (Siena, Italy, Founded in 1240)

University of Siena in Arezzo, Italy

The University of Siena in Siena, Tuscany is one of the oldest universities and first publicly funded universities in Italy. Originally called Studium Senese, the University of Siena was founded in 1240. The University had around 20,000 students in 2006 nearly half of Siena’s total population of around 54,000. Today, the University of Siena is best known for its Schools of Law and Medicine.

Originally called Studium Senese, was founded by Commune of Siena in 1240. In 1321, the studium was able to attract a larger number or pupils due to a mass exodus from the prestigious neighbouring University of Bologna. Closed temporarily in 1808–1815 when Napoleonic forces occupied Tuscany. On November 7, 1990 the university celebrated its 750th anniversary.

8. University of Toulouse (Toulouse, France, Founded in 1229)

Université Toulouse 1 Capitole – The Oldest Universities

The Université de Toulouse is a consortium of French universities, grandes écoles and other institutions of higher education and research, named after one of the earliest universities established in Europe in 1229, and including the successor universities to that earlier university. This article describes the institutions that have been called the “Université de Toulouse”.

The formation of the University of Toulouse was imposed on Count Raymond VII as a part of the Treaty of Paris in 1229 ending the crusade against the Albigensians. As he was suspected of sympathizing with the heretics, Raymond VII had to finance the teaching of theology. Bishop Foulques de Toulouse was among the founders of the University. Among its first lecturers were: Jean de Garlande, Roland of Cremona. Other faculties (law, medicine) were added later. Initially, the University was located in the center of the city, together with the ancestors of student residences, the colleges.

7. University of Naples Federico II (Naples, Italy, Founded in 1224)

The University of Naples Federico II is maybe one of the the oldest universities

Founded by Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

The University of Naples Federico II is a university located in Naples, Italy. It was founded in 1224 and is organized into 13 faculties. It is the world’s oldest state university and one of the oldest academic institutions in continuous operation. The university is named after its founder Frederick II.

The University of Naples Federico II was founded by emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick II on 5 June 1224. It is the most ancient state-supported institution of higher education and research in the world. One of the most famous students of this university was Roman Catholic theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas.

6. University of Padua (Padua, Italy, Founded in 1222)

University of Padua. Department of Structural and Transportation Engineering

Founded by scholars and professors after leaving Bologna.

The University of Padua (Italian Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD) is a premier Italian university located in the city of Padua, Italy. The University of Padua was founded in 1222 as a school of law and was one of the most prominent universities in early modern Europe. It is among the earliest universities of the world and the second oldest in Italy. As of 2010 the university had approximately 65,000 students.

The university is conventionally said to have been founded in 1222 (which corresponds to the first time when the University is cited in a historical document as pre-existing, therefore it is quite certainly older) when a large group of students and professors left the University of Bologna in search of more academic freedom (‘Libertas scholastica’). The first subjects to be taught were law and theology. The curriculum expanded rapidly, and by 1399 the institution had divided in two: a Universitas Iuristarum for civil law and Canon law, and a Universitas Artistarum which taught astronomy, dialectic, philosophy, grammar, medicine, and rhetoric. There was also a Universitas Theologorum, established in 1373 by Urban V.

5. University of Salamanca (Salamanca, Spain, Founded in 1218)

The University of Salamanca, Spanish higher education institution

The University of Salamanca is a Spanish higher education institution, located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid, in the autonomous community of Castilla and León. It was founded in 1134 and given the Royal charter of foundation by King Alfonso IX in 1218. It is the oldest founded university in Spain and the third oldest European university in continuous operations. It was the first European institution to receive the formal title of “University” as such; it was granted by King Alfonso X in 1254 and recognized by Pope Alexander IV in 1255.

It is the oldest university in operation in Spain. Although there are records of the University granting degrees many years before (James Trager’s People’s Chronology sets its foundation date in 1134), it only received the Royal chart of foundation as “Estudio General” in 1218, making it possibly the fourth or even the third oldest European university in continuous operations. However, it was the first European university to receive the title of “University” as such, granted by king of Castile and León Alfonso X and the Pope in 1254. Having been excluded from the University in 1852 by the Spanish government, the Faculties of Theology and Canon Law became the Pontifical University of Salamanca in 1940.

4. University of Cambridge (Cambridge, England, Founded in 1209)

The University of Cambridge is one of the world’s oldestuniversities

Founded by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute caused by the execution of two scholars in 1209, and royal charter was granted in 1231. The university takes 1209 as its official anniversary.

The University of Cambridge is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world (after the University of Oxford), and the seventh-oldest in the world. In post-nominals the university’s name is abbreviated as Cantab, a shortened form of Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of Cambridge).

The university grew out of an association of Cambridge scholars that was formed in 1209, early records suggest, by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk. The two “ancient universities” have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, they have a long history of rivalry with each other.

3. University of Oxford (Oxford, England, Founded in 1167)

Oxford University Museum of Natural History.

“Claimed to be the oldest university in the world, there is no clear date of foundation of Oxford University, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.” Teaching suspended in 1209 (due to town execution of two scholars) and 1355 (due to the St. Scholastica riot), but was continuous during the English Civil War (1642–1651) – the University was Royalist. All Souls College and University College have repeatedly claimed that they own documents proving that teaching in Oxford started in the year 825, but these documents have never seen the public light (allegedly, John Speed dated his famous 1605 Oxford maps based on these documents). However, it was not until 1254 that Pope Innocent IV granted to Oxford the University charter by papal bull (“Querentes in agro”).

2. University of Paris (Paris, France, Founded in 1150)

The Old Sorbonne on fire in 1670.

It was founded in the mid-12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1170 (or, possibly, as early as 1150). After many changes, including a century of suspension (1793–1896), it ceased to exist as such in 1970 and 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII) were created from it. The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or La Sorbonne after the collegiate institution (Collège de Sorbonne) founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon. In fact, the university as such was older and was never completely centered on the Sorbonne. Of the 13 current successor universities, the first 4 have a presence in the historical Sorbonne building, and three include “Sorbonne” in their names.

1. University of Bologna  (Bologna, Italy, Founded in 1088)

The College of Bologna, founded in 1088, may be the earliest academic institution from the Civilized world. At top the Oldest Universities

The first university in the sense of a higher-learning, degree-awarding institute, the word university having been coined at its foundation. At top of the list of ten oldest universities in the world which are in continuous operation.

The Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna is a university located in Bologna, Italy founded in 1088. As of 2000 the University’s motto is Alma mater studiorum (Latin for “nourishing mother of studies”) The University has about 100,000 students in its 23 schools. It has branch centers in Imola, Ravenna, Forlì, Cesena and Rimini and a branch center abroad in Buenos Aires. Moreover, it has a school of excellence named Collegio Superiore di Bologna.

The date of its founding is uncertain, but believed by most accounts to have been 1088. The university received a charter from Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the University back to 1088, which would make it one of the oldest universities in the world.

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